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上期翻译答案
The municipal government of Shanghai, near the mouth of the Yangtze River,sentan official request to Sichuan last week asking that the inland province prioritize electricity deliveries to auto parts manufacturers there, so that carmakers in Shanghai would not run out of key components.
位于长江口附近的上海市政府上周向四川发出正式请求，要求这个内陆省份优先向当地的汽车零部件制造商供电，以免上海的汽车制造商耗尽关键零部件。
1.prioritize: to deal with one thing first, because it is the most important
《本期内容》
双语阅读
Richard Evershed, a biogeochemist at the University of Bristol, UK, who co-led the latest study, and his team have found milk-fatresidueson ancientpotsherdsdating from the dawn of animal domestication. Ancient genomics studies, meanwhile, showed that these early animal farmers werelactose intolerant, and that tolerance for milk did not become common in Europe until after the Bronze Age, 5,000–4,000 years ago.
英国布里斯托大学的生物地球化学家理查德·埃弗谢德与人合作领导了这项最新的研究，他的团队在古代陶器碎片上发现了乳脂残留，这些陶瓷碎片可追溯至早期动物驯化时代。与此同时，古代基因组学研究表明，这些早期的动物饲养者对乳糖不耐受，直到5000 – 4000年前的青铜时代，欧洲人才普遍建立起对乳糖的耐受。
To determine the probable forces behind Europeans’ ability to digest milk, a team led by Evershed and two Bristol colleagues etc, collated archaeological and genomic data. They then modelled how various factors, such as the use of dairy milk and population size, explained the rise of lactase persistence, drawing on the genomes of more than 1,700 ancient Eurasian people.
为了确定欧洲人消化牛奶的能力背后可能的决定因素，由埃弗谢德和布里斯托的两名同事等领导的团队整理了考古和基因组数据。然后，他们援引了1700名古欧亚人的基因组，模拟了各种因素（如食用牛奶和人口规模），来解释乳糖耐受能力上升的原因。
The team found little overlap between leaps in lactose tolerance and heightened milk consumption, inferred by the presence of milk-fat residues from some 13,000 potsherds from more than 550 archaeological sites across Europe. “All previous hypotheses for what was the natural-selection advantage of lactase persistencepeggedthemselves to the extent of milk use,” says Thomas, because of the presumed nutritional benefits of being able to consume milk without getting sick.
研究小组发现，乳糖耐受性的提高和牛奶消费量的增加之间几乎没有重叠——从全欧洲550多个考古遗址中出现牛奶脂肪残留物的约13000块陶器碎片中推定得出这样的结论。翻译划线句，长按文末小程序码打卡，答案下期公布~
With that ideascotched, the researchers looked at how lactose tolerance relates to milk drinking in modern Europeans. In the UK Biobank, a repository of health and genomic data from half a million people in the United Kingdom, they found little correlation between milk consumption and lactose tolerance, with 92% of lactose-intolerant participants preferring fresh milk over alternatives. And lactose tolerance showed no clear health or fertility benefits, which might drive natural selection.
这一观点被否定之后，研究人员研究了乳糖耐受性与现代欧洲人喝牛奶之间的关系。在英国生物银行，一个英国50万人的健康和基因组数据库中，他们发现牛奶摄入量和乳糖耐受度之间几乎没有关联，92%的乳糖不耐受的参与者更喜欢新鲜牛奶而不是牛奶替代品。并且乳糖耐受程度没有明显表现出有益于健康或生育，这两个可能是驱动自然选择的因素。
This suggests that, for most lactose-intolerant people, the costs of drinking milk aren’t that high today, Thomas says — and probably weren’t in ancient times, either. “If you’re healthy, you get a bit of diarrhoea, you get cramps, youfarta lot. It’s unpleasant, but you’re not going to die.”
托马斯说，这表明，对于大多数乳糖不耐受的人来说，现在喝牛奶的代价并没有那么高，在古代可能也没有那么高。“如果你身体健康，你会有一点腹泻，会腹部绞痛，会放很多屁。这很令人不愉快，但你不会死。”
本文节选自：Scientific American（科学美国人）
发布时间：2022.07.29
作者：Ewen Callaway, Nature magazine
原文标题：How Humans’ Ability to Digest Milk Evolved from Famine and Disease
词汇积累
1. residue
/ˈrɛzɪˌdjuː/
n. 剩余物，残留物; (扣除应付款项、债款、遗赠后的)剩余遗产，余产
2. potsherd
/ˈpɒtˌʃɑːd/
n.陶瓷碎片
3.peg
/pɛɡ/
n. 挂钩，挂钉; (系帐篷用的)桩; (标明某物位置的)界桩; (价格、数量等的)限度，标定点; (进一步讨论某事物的)依据，理由
v. 用钉(或桩)固定; 使工资、价格等固定于某水平(或与……挂鈎); 用衣夹把(洗的衣服)夹在衣绳上
4. scotch
/skɒtʃ/
v.结束，破除；暂时遏制（危险物）；楔入，用楔子楔住；切割……的表皮；弄伤
n.刻痕，切口
5.fart
/fɑːt/
v. 放屁; (在愚蠢、琐碎事情上)浪费时间，瞎折腾
n. 放屁; 讨厌鬼，老顽固
词组搭配
1.lactose intolerant 乳糖不耐受的
写作句总结
To determine the probable forces behind Europeans’ ability to digest milk, a team led by Evershed and two Bristol colleagues etc, collated archaeological and genomic data.
结构:To determine the probable forces behind …, a team collated archaeological and genomic data.
为了确定…背后可能的决定因素，某个团队整理了考古和基因组数据
例句: To determine the probable forces behind the cold hardiness of penguins, a team collated archaeological and genomic data.
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